ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНІ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ПОВІТРЯНИХ ТА ГЕОТЕРМАЛЬНИХ ТЕПЛОВИХ НАСОСІВ В УМОВАХ РЕАЛЬНОЇ ЕКСПЛУАТАЦІЇ

Олег Менжинський; Андрій Соломаха

doi:10.20535/1813-5420.3.2026.365408

Vol. · Issue 3 · 2026 Oct 12, 2026 ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY SAVINGS

ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR-SOURCE AND GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS IN REAL OPERATION CONDITIONS

Oleh Menzhynskyi Corresponding National Technical University of Ukraine «Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute», Ukraine

Andrii Solomakha National Technical University of Ukraine «Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute», Ukraine

Pages140-148 PublishedOct 12, 2026 LicenseOpen Access

PDF (Ukrainian)

VOL · ISS 3 · 2026 85 View issue

Abstract

The paper presents a comparative analysis of the thermal characteristics of air source (Vitocal200-S) and ground source (Vitocal300-G) heat pumps based on continuous monitoring data in real operating conditions for private houses in the Kyiv region (Temperature zone I). The main parameters were measured for two objects with practically identical thermal load. The mass flow rates of coolants, supply and return line temperatures, and power consumption were recorded (with a discreteness of 15 minutes). The seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP) was determined by the method of integrating weekly indicators, and the uncertainty was determined according to JCGM100:2008. As a result, the following results were obtained: SCOP of the ground pump (4.81) exceeds the air analogue (3.45) by 39.4%. Defrosting losses: ≈ 520 cycles/season, SCOP reduction by 0.12–0.18. source temperature standard deviation: σ = 8.6°C (air) vs. σ = 2.3°C (ground), COP uncertainty ≤±3.1%. Ground-source heat pumps provided 39% higher seasonal efficiency and 37% lower CO₂ emissions compared to air-source counterparts. A significant gap was found between the standardized (EN14825) and real-world performance of air-source heat pumps.

Keywords

#heat pump #ground-source #air-source #SCOP #COP #evaporator defrost #soil regeneration

References

Directive 2018/2001/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. Official Journal of the EU L 328, Dec. 21, 2018.
Law of Ukraine “On Alternative Energy Sources” No. 555-IV, Feb. 20, 2003 (as amended).
J. W. Lund and A. N. Toth, “Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2020 worldwide review,” Geothermics, vol. 90, art. 101915, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2020.101915.
I. Staffell, D. Brett, N. Brandon, and A. Hawkes, “A review of domestic heat pumps,” Energy & Environ. Sci., vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 9291–9306, 2012.
J. F. Urchueguía, M. Zacarés, J. M. Corberán, Á. Montero, J. Martos, and H. Witte, “Comparison between the energy performance of a ground-coupled and an air-to-water heat pump system,” Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 49, no. 10, pp. 2917–2923, 2008.
S. J. Self, B. V. Reddy, and M. A. Rosen, “Geothermal heat pump systems: Status review and comparison with other heating options,” Appl. Energy, vol. 101, pp. 341–348, 2013.
EN 14825:2022. Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps – Testing and rating at part load conditions and calculation of seasonal performance. Brussels: CEN, 2022.
Viessmann, Vitocal 200-S: Technical Guide AWB-AC 201.D04 – AWB-AC 221.D16. Allendorf: Viessmann, 2022.
Viessmann, Vitocal 300-G: Technical Guide BW 301.A06 – BWC 301.A17. Allendorf: Viessmann, 2022.
National Commission for State Energy and Public Utilities Regulation of Ukraine, Resolution No. 641, Apr. 26, 2023, “On Establishment of Electricity Tariffs for Household Consumers.”
C. S. Blázquez, I. M. Nieto, J. C. García, P. C. García, A. F. Martín, and D. González-Aguilera, "Comparative analysis of ground source and air source heat pump systems under different conditions and scenarios," Energies, vol. 16, no. 3, art. 1289, 2023, DOI: 10.3390/en16031289.
T. Aprianti, E. Tan, C. Diu, B. Sprivulis, G. Ryan, K. Srinivasan, and H. T. Chua, "A comparison of ground and air source heat pump performance for domestic applications: A case study in Perth, Australia," Int. J. Energy Res., vol. 45, no. 15, pp. 20686–20699, 2021, DOI: 10.1002/er.7133.
S. Sirén, J. Hirvonen, and P. Sormunen, "Comparison of traditional and ambient air-assisted ground source heat pump systems using different bore field configurations," Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 323, art. 119240, 2025, DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119240.
A. Żelazna and A. Pawłowski, "Review of the role of heat pumps in decarbonization of the building sector," Energies, vol. 18, no. 13, art. 3255, 2025, DOI: 10.3390/en18133255.

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Previous in issue METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FORMALIZATION OF OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY SAVING IN MINING ENTERPRISES BY THE FACTOR OF FIXED ASSETS Next in issue DYNAMIC ENERGY EFFICIENCY MODEL OF A SOLAR HEAT SUPPLY SYSTEM WITH SEASONAL BOREHOLE THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE

§ 06 — Related

[1] Directive 2018/2001/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. Official Journal of the EU L 328, Dec. 21, 2018.

[2] Law of Ukraine “On Alternative Energy Sources” No. 555-IV, Feb. 20, 2003 (as amended).

[3] J. W. Lund and A. N. Toth, “Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2020 worldwide review,” Geothermics, vol. 90, art. 101915, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2020.101915.

[4] I. Staffell, D. Brett, N. Brandon, and A. Hawkes, “A review of domestic heat pumps,” Energy & Environ. Sci., vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 9291–9306, 2012.

[5] J. F. Urchueguía, M. Zacarés, J. M. Corberán, Á. Montero, J. Martos, and H. Witte, “Comparison between the energy performance of a ground-coupled and an air-to-water heat pump system,” Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 49, no. 10, pp. 2917–2923, 2008.

[6] S. J. Self, B. V. Reddy, and M. A. Rosen, “Geothermal heat pump systems: Status review and comparison with other heating options,” Appl. Energy, vol. 101, pp. 341–348, 2013.

[7] EN 14825:2022. Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps – Testing and rating at part load conditions and calculation of seasonal performance. Brussels: CEN, 2022.

[8] Viessmann, Vitocal 200-S: Technical Guide AWB-AC 201.D04 – AWB-AC 221.D16. Allendorf: Viessmann, 2022.

[9] Viessmann, Vitocal 300-G: Technical Guide BW 301.A06 – BWC 301.A17. Allendorf: Viessmann, 2022.

[10] National Commission for State Energy and Public Utilities Regulation of Ukraine, Resolution No. 641, Apr. 26, 2023, “On Establishment of Electricity Tariffs for Household Consumers.”

[11] C. S. Blázquez, I. M. Nieto, J. C. García, P. C. García, A. F. Martín, and D. González-Aguilera, "Comparative analysis of ground source and air source heat pump systems under different conditions and scenarios," Energies, vol. 16, no. 3, art. 1289, 2023, DOI: 10.3390/en16031289.

[12] T. Aprianti, E. Tan, C. Diu, B. Sprivulis, G. Ryan, K. Srinivasan, and H. T. Chua, "A comparison of ground and air source heat pump performance for domestic applications: A case study in Perth, Australia," Int. J. Energy Res., vol. 45, no. 15, pp. 20686–20699, 2021, DOI: 10.1002/er.7133.

[13] S. Sirén, J. Hirvonen, and P. Sormunen, "Comparison of traditional and ambient air-assisted ground source heat pump systems using different bore field configurations," Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 323, art. 119240, 2025, DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119240.

[14] A. Żelazna and A. Pawłowski, "Review of the role of heat pumps in decarbonization of the building sector," Energies, vol. 18, no. 13, art. 3255, 2025, DOI: 10.3390/en18133255.

ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR-SOURCE AND GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS IN REAL OPERATION CONDITIONS

Abstract

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References

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