МОДЕЛЬ "ЗАРЯДНОЇ ЛАВИНИ" В БУДИНКУ ПРИ ДІЇ ГРАФІКІВ ПОГОДИННИХ ВІДКЛЮЧЕНЬ

Гліб Стрункін

doi:10.20535/1813-5420.3.2026.364544

Vol. · Issue 3 · 2026 Oct 12, 2026 ENERGY SYSTEMS AND COMPLEXES

MODEL OF "CHARGING AVALANCHE" IN A BUILDING UNDER HOURLY OUTAGE SCHEDULES

Hlib Strunkin Corresponding LLC “Pluton IC”, Ukraine

Pages48-53 PublishedOct 12, 2026 LicenseOpen Access

PDF (Ukrainian)

VOL · ISS 3 · 2026 85 View issue

Abstract

The severe generation deficit within the Integrated Power System of Ukraine, which forces distribution system operators to widely implement rolling power outages and strict consumption restrictions, along with the subsequent uncoordinated mass integration of residential energy storage units by household consumers, causes a specific dangerous operational phenomenon known as a charging avalanche during the exact moment of power supply restoration in distribution feeders. The aim of the study is to develop, based on real-world experimental data, an advanced dynamic simulation model of a multi-family residential building to thoroughly analyze load transient processes and power quality variations during electricity grid restoration. The methodology of implementation is based on the comprehensive mean-value modeling of integrated active power consumption profiles within the specialized PSIM software suite, where individual electrical infrastructure components and consumer appliance groups are successfully presented as mathematical transfer functions and dynamic automatic control links. The results of the study confirmed the exceptional accuracy of the developed mathematical apparatus, showing a relative error in determining the cumulative peaks of the charging avalanche of less than 2%. Field measurements successfully recorded a prominent load trajectory characterized by a sharp initial technical current surge and a subsequent delayed cumulative socio-behavioral peak caused by the synchronized manual activity of residents being directly superimposed on the maximum constant-current charging profile of household inverters. The conclusions prove that classical cold load pickup models significantly underestimate the total integral of the Joule thermal impulse because they fail to capture the prolonged rectangular nature of the battery charging current stabilization phase. The practical value of this research lies in obtaining a robust and highly scalable simulation model suitable for further engineering assessments of protective equipment survivability in main switchboards and accurate forecasting of emergency operational modes in low-voltage distribution networks

Keywords

#low-voltage distribution grids #load transient states #residential electricity sector #protective relaying #peak load

References

Ukraine's energy sector lost over 9 GW of generation capacity due to Russian shelling. URL: https://ua-energy.org/uk/posts/enerhetyka-ukrainy-vtratyla-ponad-9-hvt-potuzhnostei-heneratsii-uriad. (accessed 20.05.2026).
On approval of the Instruction on the preparation and application of schedules for restriction and emergency shutdown of electricity consumers: Order of the Ministry of Energy and Coal Industry of Ukraine dated November 23, 2006 No. 456 (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Energy No. 43 dated September 13, 2025). URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0151-07#Text. (accessed 20.05.2026).
Home and business stations exceed the capacity of nuclear power plants. URL: https://delo.ua/news/ukrayinci-nakupili-ecoflow-potuznistyu-za-atomnii-reaktor-459632. (accessed 20.05.2026).
Strunkin G.M. "Charging avalanche phenomenon" in conditions of stabilization shutdowns. Technical Sciences and Technologies, 2026. No. 2(44). P. 459-465. URL: https://doi.org/10.25140/2411-5363-2026-2(44)-459-465.
Hachmann, C., Becker, H., & Braun, M. (2022). Cold Load Pickup Model Adequacy for Power System Restoration Studies. Energies, 15(20), 7675. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207675.
Sun L., Liu W., Chung C.Y., Ding M., Ding J., Rolling optimization of transmission network recovery and load restoration considering hybrid wind-storage system and cold load pickup, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Volume 141, 2022, 108168, ISSN 0142-0615, URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108168.
Ihara, S., & Schweppe, F.C. (1981). Physically Based Modeling of Cold Load Pickup. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-100, 4142-4150.
Schneider, Kevin P., et al. "Evaluating the Magnitude and Duration of Cold Load Pick-up on Residential Distribution Feeders Using Multi-State Load Models." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31, no. 5, Sep. 2016. URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2494882.
IEEE PES Power System Relaying and Control Committee, "Cold Load Pickup Issues," IEEE Power & Energy Society, Technical Report PES-TR75, Mar. 2022. URL: https://www.pes-psrc.org/kb/report/075.pdf (accessed 20.05.2026).
Altair® PSIM™. URL: https://2023.help.altair.com/psim-tut/tutorials/PSIM%20Tutorial%20List.pdf (accessed 20.05.2026).
Lawhead, J. Horak, V. Madani, M. Vaziri, “A Survey of Cold Load Pickup. Practices”, Western Protective Relay Conference, October 25-27, 2005. URL: https://wprcarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Larry-Lawhead_A-Survey-of-Cold-Load-Pickup-Practices_2005.pdf. (accessed 20.05.2026).
Agneholm, E. (2000). Cold load pick-up of residential load. IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution. URL: https://doi.org/10.1049/IP-GTD:20000058.

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Previous in issue RESILIENCE INDEX OF THE REGIONAL ELECTRICITY SUPPLY SYSTEM UNDER MARTIAL LAW Next in issue NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF PHASE CHANGE PROCESSES IN A HORIZONTAL THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE UNIT WITH OPTIMIZED TUBE LAYOUT AND FINNED SURFACES

§ 06 — Related

[1] Ukraine's energy sector lost over 9 GW of generation capacity due to Russian shelling. URL: https://ua-energy.org/uk/posts/enerhetyka-ukrainy-vtratyla-ponad-9-hvt-potuzhnostei-heneratsii-uriad. (accessed 20.05.2026).

[2] On approval of the Instruction on the preparation and application of schedules for restriction and emergency shutdown of electricity consumers: Order of the Ministry of Energy and Coal Industry of Ukraine dated November 23, 2006 No. 456 (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Energy No. 43 dated September 13, 2025). URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0151-07#Text. (accessed 20.05.2026).

[3] Home and business stations exceed the capacity of nuclear power plants. URL: https://delo.ua/news/ukrayinci-nakupili-ecoflow-potuznistyu-za-atomnii-reaktor-459632. (accessed 20.05.2026).

[4] Strunkin G.M. "Charging avalanche phenomenon" in conditions of stabilization shutdowns. Technical Sciences and Technologies, 2026. No. 2(44). P. 459-465. URL: https://doi.org/10.25140/2411-5363-2026-2(44)-459-465.

[5] Hachmann, C., Becker, H., & Braun, M. (2022). Cold Load Pickup Model Adequacy for Power System Restoration Studies. Energies, 15(20), 7675. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207675.

[6] Sun L., Liu W., Chung C.Y., Ding M., Ding J., Rolling optimization of transmission network recovery and load restoration considering hybrid wind-storage system and cold load pickup, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Volume 141, 2022, 108168, ISSN 0142-0615, URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108168.

[7] Ihara, S., & Schweppe, F.C. (1981). Physically Based Modeling of Cold Load Pickup. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-100, 4142-4150.

[8] Schneider, Kevin P., et al. "Evaluating the Magnitude and Duration of Cold Load Pick-up on Residential Distribution Feeders Using Multi-State Load Models." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31, no. 5, Sep. 2016. URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2494882.

[9] IEEE PES Power System Relaying and Control Committee, "Cold Load Pickup Issues," IEEE Power & Energy Society, Technical Report PES-TR75, Mar. 2022. URL: https://www.pes-psrc.org/kb/report/075.pdf (accessed 20.05.2026).

[10] Altair® PSIM™. URL: https://2023.help.altair.com/psim-tut/tutorials/PSIM%20Tutorial%20List.pdf (accessed 20.05.2026).

[11] Lawhead, J. Horak, V. Madani, M. Vaziri, “A Survey of Cold Load Pickup. Practices”, Western Protective Relay Conference, October 25-27, 2005. URL: https://wprcarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Larry-Lawhead_A-Survey-of-Cold-Load-Pickup-Practices_2005.pdf. (accessed 20.05.2026).

[12] Agneholm, E. (2000). Cold load pick-up of residential load. IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution. URL: https://doi.org/10.1049/IP-GTD:20000058.

MODEL OF "CHARGING AVALANCHE" IN A BUILDING UNDER HOURLY OUTAGE SCHEDULES

Abstract

Keywords

References

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