ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ СИСТЕМНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ LFP-СИСТЕМ РЕЗЕРВНОГО ЕЛЕКТРОЖИВЛЕННЯ ТА СИНТЕЗ БАГАТОРІВНЕВОЇ АРХІТЕКТУРИ ЗАХИСТУ

Андрій Дорошенко; Дмитро Коломієць

doi:10.20535/1813-5420.3.2026.362979

Vol. · Issue 3 · 2026 Oct 12, 2026 TECHNOLOGIES AND EQUIPMENT IN ENERGY

INVESTIGATION OF SYSTEM SAFETY IN LFP BACKUP POWER SYSTEMS AND SYNTHESIS OF A MULTI-LAYER PROTECTION ARCHITECTURE

Andrii Doroshenko Corresponding National University of Food Technologies, Ukraine

Dmytro Kolomiets 1National University of Food Technologies, Ukraine

Pages98-111 PublishedOct 12, 2026 LicenseOpen Access

PDF (Ukrainian)

VOL · ISS 3 · 2026 85 View issue

Abstract

The paper examines the gas-explosion hazard of LFP batteries used in residential and basement premises of multi-apartment buildings in Ukraine and substantiates priority requirements for the safe placement of battery backup power systems under wartime conditions. The relevance of the study is determined by the rapid spread of such systems after attacks on the Ukrainian power infrastructure, frequent blackouts, limited grid availability, and the installation of batteries in private houses, apartments, corridors, storage rooms, basements and technical spaces. The methodology combines an analysis of scientific publications on thermal runaway, gas release and ignition of lithium-ion batteries; a comparison of NFPA 855, UL 9540A, PAS 63100:2024, IEC 62619 and AS/NZS 3001.2:2022 requirements; screening calculations of hazardous hydrogen concentrations in typical residential volumes; an energy comparison with household combustible gas sources; and a visual engineering analysis of open incident cases. The results show that LFP system safety cannot be assessed only by their lower tendency to intense open flame. In small enclosed spaces, emergency off-gassing may create local hydrogen concentrations close to or exceeding the lower flammability limit. For basement systems with capacities of tens of kWh, a local battery failure may develop into a combined fire, toxic and gas-explosion scenario, especially without dedicated ventilation, gas monitoring, fire separation and emergency planning. The analysis also indicates that references to IEC 62619, UL 1973, CE, UN38.3 or even UL 9540A do not automatically confirm suitability for installation in residential habitable spaces. The paper concludes that Ukraine needs dedicated practical requirements for residential and building-level battery backup systems, including placement restrictions, ventilation and gas exhaust, marking, emergency shutdown, user awareness and information support for the State Emergency Service of Ukraine.

Keywords

#battery backup power system #lithium iron phosphate battery #system safety #abnormal operating mode #layered protection #information integrity #AC coupling #preventive control

References

G. Zachmann, F. Meissner, and I. Riepin, “Mitigating Ukraine’s looming electricity crisis,” Energy Strategy Reviews, vol. 59, Art. no. 101724, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.esr.2025.101724.
P. Xu, J. Li, Z. Chai, Z. Liu, Z. M. Liu, and Q. Xue, “Experimental and modeling approaches to investigate overcharge-induced thermal runaway behavior for LiFePO4 battery,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 92, Art. no. 111687, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2024.111687.
K. Wang, D. Wu, C. Chang, J. Zhang, D. Ouyang, and X. Qian, “Charging rate effect on overcharge-induced thermal runaway characteristics and gas venting behaviors for commercial lithium iron phosphate batteries,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 434, Art. no. 139992, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139992.
J. Close, J. E. Barnard, Y. M. J. Chew, and S. Perera, “A holistic approach to improving safety for battery energy storage systems,” Journal of Energy Chemistry, vol. 92, pp. 422-439, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2024.01.012.
S. Song, X. Tang, Y. Sun, J. Sun, F. Li, M. Chen, Q. Lei, W. Sun, Z. He, and L. Zhang, “Fault evolution mechanism for lithium-ion battery energy storage system under multi-levels and multi-factors,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 80, Art. no. 110226, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2023.110226.
M. He, D. Chartouni, D. Landmann, and S. Colombi, “Safety Aspects of Stationary Battery Energy Storage Systems,” Batteries, vol. 10, no. 12, Art. no. 418, 2024, doi: 10.3390/batteries10120418.
L. Srinivasan, S. Shaw, and E. Billaut, Insights from EPRI’s Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) Failure Incident Database: Analysis of Failure Root Cause. EPRI, 2024, Product ID 3002030360. [Online]. Available: https://www.epri.com/research/products/000000003002030360 [Accessed: Sep. 13, 2026].
J. Wang, Y. Yue, K. Yu, C. Han, J. Yang, L. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Wang, and Y. Huang, “Thermal runaway behaviors of lithium iron phosphate battery with various capacity and state of charge: characteristic comparison and safety assessment,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 284, Part 2, Art. no. 129170, 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.129170.
M. C. Yagci, O. Richter, R. Behmann, and W. G. Bessler, “Degradation modes of large-format stationary-storage LFP-based lithium-ion cells during calendaric and cyclic aging,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 124, Art. no. 116774, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2025.116774.
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A. M. Doroshenko, O. O. Serohin, and D. P. Kolomiets, “Improving the reliability and efficiency of hybrid PV systems using Node-RED-based control algorithms,” in Information Technologies in the Modern World: Proc. Int. Sci.-Pract. Conf. of Higher Education Students and Young Scientists, Kharkiv, Ukraine, Apr. 29, 2025, pp. 499-501.
A. M. Doroshenko, D. P. Kolomiets, and S. I. Lytvynchuk, “Experimental safety analysis of ESS operation during the modernization of a hybrid PV system from single-phase to three-phase,” in Information Technologies in the Modern World: Proc. Int. Sci.-Pract. Conf. of Higher Education Students and Young Scientists, Kharkiv, Ukraine, Apr. 29, 2025, pp. 470-472.
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A. Kapahi, A. Alvarez-Rodriguez, S. Lakshmipathy, S. Kraft, J. Conzen, A. Pivarunas, R. Hardy, and P. Hayes, “Performance-based assessment of an explosion prevention system for lithium-ion based energy storage system,” Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, vol. 82, Art. no. 104998, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2023.104998.
C. Meraner, J. S. Fjærestad, F. Vullum-Bruer, M. Stefanska, and T. Li, “Suppression of battery energy storage system fires,” Fire Safety Journal, vol. 162, Art. no. 104727, 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104727.
F. Hölting, A. Kapse, F. Breer, J. Figgener, M. Junker, and D. U. Sauer, “Quantitative fire likelihood assessment of battery home storage systems in comparison to general house fires in Germany and other battery related fires,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 122, Art. no. 116599, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2025.116599.

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§ 06 — Related

[1] G. Zachmann, F. Meissner, and I. Riepin, “Mitigating Ukraine’s looming electricity crisis,” Energy Strategy Reviews, vol. 59, Art. no. 101724, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.esr.2025.101724.

[2] P. Xu, J. Li, Z. Chai, Z. Liu, Z. M. Liu, and Q. Xue, “Experimental and modeling approaches to investigate overcharge-induced thermal runaway behavior for LiFePO4 battery,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 92, Art. no. 111687, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2024.111687.

[3] K. Wang, D. Wu, C. Chang, J. Zhang, D. Ouyang, and X. Qian, “Charging rate effect on overcharge-induced thermal runaway characteristics and gas venting behaviors for commercial lithium iron phosphate batteries,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 434, Art. no. 139992, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139992.

[4] J. Close, J. E. Barnard, Y. M. J. Chew, and S. Perera, “A holistic approach to improving safety for battery energy storage systems,” Journal of Energy Chemistry, vol. 92, pp. 422-439, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2024.01.012.

[5] S. Song, X. Tang, Y. Sun, J. Sun, F. Li, M. Chen, Q. Lei, W. Sun, Z. He, and L. Zhang, “Fault evolution mechanism for lithium-ion battery energy storage system under multi-levels and multi-factors,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 80, Art. no. 110226, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2023.110226.

[6] M. He, D. Chartouni, D. Landmann, and S. Colombi, “Safety Aspects of Stationary Battery Energy Storage Systems,” Batteries, vol. 10, no. 12, Art. no. 418, 2024, doi: 10.3390/batteries10120418.

[7] L. Srinivasan, S. Shaw, and E. Billaut, Insights from EPRI’s Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) Failure Incident Database: Analysis of Failure Root Cause. EPRI, 2024, Product ID 3002030360. [Online]. Available: https://www.epri.com/research/products/000000003002030360 [Accessed: Sep. 13, 2026].

[8] J. Wang, Y. Yue, K. Yu, C. Han, J. Yang, L. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Wang, and Y. Huang, “Thermal runaway behaviors of lithium iron phosphate battery with various capacity and state of charge: characteristic comparison and safety assessment,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 284, Part 2, Art. no. 129170, 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.129170.

[9] M. C. Yagci, O. Richter, R. Behmann, and W. G. Bessler, “Degradation modes of large-format stationary-storage LFP-based lithium-ion cells during calendaric and cyclic aging,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 124, Art. no. 116774, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2025.116774.

[10] Victron Energy documentation, “AC-coupled PV with Fronius PV Inverters.” [Online]. Available: https://www.victronenergy.com/live/ac_coupling:fronius [Accessed: Sep. 13, 2026].

[11] A. M. Doroshenko, O. O. Serohin, and D. P. Kolomiets, “Improving the reliability and efficiency of hybrid PV systems using Node-RED-based control algorithms,” in Information Technologies in the Modern World: Proc. Int. Sci.-Pract. Conf. of Higher Education Students and Young Scientists, Kharkiv, Ukraine, Apr. 29, 2025, pp. 499-501.

[12] A. M. Doroshenko, D. P. Kolomiets, and S. I. Lytvynchuk, “Experimental safety analysis of ESS operation during the modernization of a hybrid PV system from single-phase to three-phase,” in Information Technologies in the Modern World: Proc. Int. Sci.-Pract. Conf. of Higher Education Students and Young Scientists, Kharkiv, Ukraine, Apr. 29, 2025, pp. 470-472.

[13] A. M. Doroshenko and D. P. Kolomiets, “Analysis of the impact of a grid-friendly battery charging algorithm on cold load pickup under scheduled power outages,” Scientific Works of National University of Food Technologies, vol. 32, no. 2, 2026, doi: 10.24263/2225-2924-2026-32-2-16.

[14] P. J. Bugryniec, E. G. Resendiz, S. M. Nwophoke, S. Khanna, C. James, and S. F. Brown, “Review of gas emissions from lithium-ion battery thermal runaway failure: Considering toxic and flammable compounds,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 87, Art. no. 111288, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2024.111288

[15] H. Shen, H. Wang, M. Li, C. Li, Y. Zhang, Y. Li, X. Yang, X. Feng, and M. Ouyang, “Thermal runaway characteristics and gas composition analysis of lithium-ion batteries with different LFP and NCM cathode materials under inert atmosphere,” Electronics, vol. 12, no. 7, Art. no. 1603, 2023, doi: 10.3390/electronics12071603

[16] British Standards Institution, PAS 63100:2024, Electrical Installations - Protection Against Fire of Battery Energy Storage Systems for Use in Dwellings - Specification. London, U.K.: BSI Standards Limited, 2024.

[17] B. D. Risholt, B. G. Olsø, C. Sanfeliu Meliá, S. Lee, and F. Vullum-Bruer, “An assessment of fire and explosion hazards at seven BESS installations in Norway,” Future Batteries, Art. no. 100206, 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.fub.2026.100206.

[18] A. Kapahi, A. Alvarez-Rodriguez, S. Lakshmipathy, S. Kraft, J. Conzen, A. Pivarunas, R. Hardy, and P. Hayes, “Performance-based assessment of an explosion prevention system for lithium-ion based energy storage system,” Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, vol. 82, Art. no. 104998, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2023.104998.

[19] C. Meraner, J. S. Fjærestad, F. Vullum-Bruer, M. Stefanska, and T. Li, “Suppression of battery energy storage system fires,” Fire Safety Journal, vol. 162, Art. no. 104727, 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104727.

[20] F. Hölting, A. Kapse, F. Breer, J. Figgener, M. Junker, and D. U. Sauer, “Quantitative fire likelihood assessment of battery home storage systems in comparison to general house fires in Germany and other battery related fires,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 122, Art. no. 116599, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2025.116599.

INVESTIGATION OF SYSTEM SAFETY IN LFP BACKUP POWER SYSTEMS AND SYNTHESIS OF A MULTI-LAYER PROTECTION ARCHITECTURE

Abstract

Keywords

References

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