The journal "Electronic and Acoustic Engineering" is a scientific edition of Ukraine in the field of engineering sciences. The journal publishes original articles and review of results of the study of the basic problems of electronic equipment (vacuum, quantum and solid-state electronics, physical and technological aspects of the production of discrete devices and integrated circuits), communications (engineering, telecommunication and computers systems and networks, wireless devices and telecommunications, principles networks, Internet); reports of scientific conferences, bibliographic reviews. The journal launched in 2017 by the Electronics Faculty of Igor Sikorsky KPI
National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute"
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Improved Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Noise Direction Finding System
The work is devoted to the development of the acoustic direction of creation of means of detection of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The work of these tools is based on the principles of noise direction finding with the use of such variable characteristics of the acoustic field as: sound intensity, frequency spectrum and spatial spectrum. The architecture of UAV detection devices on the acoustic field corresponds to the algorithms of reproduction in separate paths of the device of ideology of registration and control of dynamics of change of characteristic of an acoustic field which defines the specified change as the fact of detection. The technical implementation of the above detection devices is to create a path of parallel octave, 12 octave and 13 octave filters, a path of narrowband filtering and a path of detection by power (intensity). The ideology of construction of detection devices is based on variability and physical manifestations of changes in such characteristics of acoustic noise as: sound intensity in the space — time interval of observation, broadband filtering, narrowband filtering, correlation characteristics. To ensure the detection of acoustic power (or intensity) with subsequent measurement of the level, the counter-inclusion (by switching or using operational amplifiers) of the elements of the cross-shaped group is used. An important and new feature is that one of the linear discrete acoustic antennas with an enlarged base additionally has two more pressure receivers symmetrically relative to the phase center. For broadband filtration, a comb of 13 octave band and semi-octave filters is used. In turn, the path of the narrowband spectrum is an octave band filter and a unit for calculating the fast Fourier transform. The path of the correlation direction-finding method implements the determination of changes in the autocorrelation coefficient and the corresponding electrical parameter (say the current through the display circuit) in the processing path in situations of fixing the direction to the target. Therefore, the proposed system for detecting useful noise signals should contain four paths, the physical implementation of detection in which is performed by software implementation of detection algorithms and, threshold processing and indication of results. In order to improve and increase the reliability of detection, the direction finder is supplemented by the path of detection on the mutual spectrum and the path of the correlation method of direction finding. The processing of input acoustic information of the type of specific noise-like signal is carried out by using the instrumental laboratory software package Lab View and Math Lab. We will add that the article contains theoretical and practical results of measurements of noise loading and range of action of a noise direction finder. Experimental studies in terms of detection and measurement of the main characteristics of the device were conducted in laboratory and field conditions. At the same time, the present demonstrates the rapid development of the UAV fleet, which determines the urgency of the work and the development of the device as a means of counteracting small aircraft of various recognitions is its goal.
Copyright (c) 2026 Андрій Віталійович Козак (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development Of Hardware and Software Complex "Dummy Head" with the Use of Non-professional Equipment
This paper presents the results of research on the fundamental possibility of creating a hardware and software complex for acoustic examination of premises using non-professional equipment. The "Dummy Head" complex is designed to measure the characteristics of the binaural impulse and assess the intelligibility of two-channel speech. The peculiarity of this complex is that it contains electro-acoustic equipment of various qualities, including household appliances with mediocre quality characteristics. The paper shows that for such a creation it is necessary to adjust the characteristics of the measuring path taking into account the non-uniformity of the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the subsystem "speaker-microphone". Since the amplitude-frequency characteristic of the speaker-microphone subsystem takes the smallest values at the edges of the frequency range, and the variance of the mutual spectrum estimation of the speaker-microphone system is the largest at the right edge of the frequency range, it is advisable to use the regularization method to achieve the required calculation accuracy. Such a correction can be performed by controlled division of the frequency response of the speaker-room-microphone system to the previously obtained estimate of the amplitude-frequency characteristic of the speaker-microphone sub system. The problem of such calculations is the distribution operation, because the amplitude-frequency response of the speaker-microphone subsystem may contain small numerical values that will overflow the bit grid of the computer system and will fall on the computer. However, it is obvious that if to ensure proper control of the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the speaker-microphone subsystem, such a distribution can be practically implemented. The paper also shows that the results of language intelligibility assessment in two small and medium-sized classrooms showed that speech intelligibility in the middle of the room may be less than near the wall of the room. These results are consistent with the results of previous studies, where language intelligibility was assessed by objective and subjective methods for other audiences. It should be noted that although estimates of the widely used C50 coefficient are consistent with estimates of speech intelligibility, the phenomenon of increased speech intelligibility near the walls of the room is more pronounced when using estimates of speech intelligibility. Using a two-channel measurement system configured in this way, experimental studies were conducted to assess the intelligibility of speech distorted by reverberation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Олександр Олександрович Дворник (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Instrument for Studying the Oxygen Transport in Capillaries
A possibility has been studied of the process of oxygen transfer to the tissues through the capillaries. The idea of spatially resolved oxymetry to be applied at the microscopic scale was induced due to appalling results of oxygen deficiency problems aroused as a result of the last pandemic of covid-19. A narrow window into the world of capillaries in the human body is the nailfold region which is used for the so-called nailfold capillaroscopy, a practical method for identifying and obtaining morphological description of capillaries, unveiling a bit of information on the health of microcirculation and potential pathological changes. The information assessed in capillaroscopy is based on the analysis of structural details of the capillary images. We decided to check this very narrow window of nailfold for in-vivo studies of a feasibility to get the argumentation for diagnosis and even for the prognosis of the disease. The instrument, we designed, allows the unveiling of the functional activity of capillaries, the observation of how effi ciently they upload the oxygen to the tissues. We developed several versions of the prototype. The basic part of the instrument is the measuring microscope of the Mir-2 type with the 10× objective. The Hayear digital video camera is mounted on the top of the barrel instead of the eyepiece. In one of the versions, to avoid the reflexes from the oil drops on the nailfold, the tip of the finger is illuminated by light emitting diodes from the bottom of the finger bed. We tested also the light emitting diodes installed in the side walls of the finger holder. The image of the capillaries is displayed on the 28-inch monitor. The image is registered with the HD resolution on the SD card installed in the video camera. The procedure is controlled by the program upon pushing the “Register” button. Not to touch the camera and not to shift the image accidentally during this procedure, that takes 200 ms, a remote control is used being included in the program loop. Registered images are then transferred to the computer for further processing. In this version of the instrument, we “decolorize” the images and pixel-by-pixel compare their intensities. A prototype of the device has been designed and manufactured. Proposed and designed is the illumination schematic. The instrument structure is described including its parts, as well as the idea of image processing, the latter being acquired in different sections of the spectrum. In the studies, the narrow-band illumination was used in the regions of spectral lines 527 nm, 585 nm, and 650 nm, that were selected by the interference filters with transmission bandwidths 10-12 nm. As a conclusion, we found the narrow nailfold window into the world of capillaries still open, and hope our findings to be useful to further studies and tests with clinicians.
Copyright (c) 2026 Марія С. Молебна (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Oracle Concepting in Programming of the Design of Electronic Chips
Today, programming is one of the most actively developing technological areas in the world. Moreover, every year the degree of such development only increases, which is manifested in the deeper and more comprehensive penetration of different types of software products into different spheres of human life. This is an integral part of the process of technologicalization of the modern world. Speaking of the development of programming, it is believed that the theory of programming is studied and researched at a fairly high level. Undoubtedly, the process of creating a program uses generally defined algorithms, structures, approaches, and methods, but these are common things that operate at the planning stages. When it comes to the specific process of creating a piece of code that a particular person is involved in, this is where all the excessive subjectivization manifests itself. After all, each such person when writing code is guided by their experience, which is determined by education, knowledge, skills, worldview, and other components. To solve the problem associated with such excessive subjectivization, it is advisable to replace the generally accepted individual-subject paradigm, which involves defining the program through its creator, with intersubjective, in which the process of creating a program is the object of study and the subject itself a program that is the embodiment of a plan for this process. One of the methods of solving this problem, according to the concept-monad model, is the use of the oracle concept. The purpose of this work is to further develop the principles of the adaptive technological environment of programming based on the intersubjective paradigm, through the use of the oracle concept in solving programming problems. To achieve the above goal, it is necessary to develop an algorithm for applying the oracle concept approach. Identify its features and prospects for further development. The implementation of this method in practice in some way unifies the process of software development, thereby reducing the impact of the active role of the subject and supports the implementation of the intersubjective paradigm. Conceptual ization is the process of creating a concept. A concept is a plan of a certain activity, aimed at solving a specific problem. That is, oracular structures should be understood as a set of certain elementary subtasks that have arisen as a result of conceptu alizing a specific programming task. To further develop the principles of an adaptive technological programming environment based on the intersubjective paradigm in solving programming problems, a method of applying the oracle concept approach has been developed and proposed. Representative examples show its features and prospects for further develop ment. The peculiarities include the fact that each subtask can be conceptualized as the simplest subtask. The implementation of this method in practice helps to unify the process of software product development, thereby reducing the impact of the active role of the subject and supports the introduction of an intersubjective paradigm. Further research on this topic will focus on the expansion and research, factography, and development of relevant facts for oracle conceptualization as an effective means of unification of certain types of problems and developed on its basis reduction methods of programming.
Copyright (c) 2026 Максим Олегович Зилевіч (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Application of 3D-Modeling in Medicine in Preparation for 3D-Printing
3D-modeling in the medical field can be used to create medical models (eg, tissues and human organs) using 3D-printing or used for digital 3D visualization of the necessary structures. Medical 3D-printing is used when the work on prostheses that should perfectly match the patient's anatomy is needed. In addition, thanks to 3D-modeling technology, it is possible to develop peculiar medical tools. It is also possible to perform trial surgeries on 3D-models before the actual operation. There is special software for creating medical 3D-models for further printing. The purpose of this work is to determine the functions of 3D-modeling in preparation for 3D-printing in the process of creating medical models and comparative analysis of software for 3D-modeling used in the medical field. There is a common workflow that can be used to convert volumetric medical imaging data (created by computer tomography (CT), or other imaging techniques) into physical models printed on a 3D-printer. This process is divided into three stages: image segmentation, polygon mesh refinement, and 3D-printing. 3D-modeling programs are used at the stage of polygon mesh refinement. They allow almost unlimited manipulations to refine the mesh to make the model printable. The main manipulations for post-processing of a segmented model using 3D modeling are: 1) reparation - correction of errors and discrepancies that sometimes occur in the process of segmentation and images export; 2) smoothing - correction of errors that occur during segmentation due to inappropriate resolution of the original medical image via softening by smoothing the surface of the model; 3) adding elements - combining a segmented model with other structures or removing unnecessary parts from the segmentation. As a result of a comparative analysis of 3D-modeling software used in the medical field, it was found that for 3D-modeling can be used software specifically designed for medical 3D-modeling and regular 3D-modeling software. When using regular software, you need third-party software to get the correct model file format. The choice of software depends on the goal: to work with implants and create patient-specific devices, it is possible to use specially designed programs for these purposes, such as Within Medical and Medical Design Studio; if high accuracy is required, it is possible to use D2P created for working with DICOM-images at the image segmentation stage; to achieve fast results, when maintaining of maximum accuracy is not needed, a mobile version of the software, such as Ossa 3D, can be used; common 3D-modeling software, such as Cinema 4D and Blender, can be used to develop peculiar tools and medical equipment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Наталія Юріївна Оникієнко (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Electronic Assistant for Impaired People
For people with serious visual impairments, a system is proposed that helps to identify obstacles and call for help in an emergency situation. The system is based on a microcontroller and optical, acoustic and electric sensors connected to it, as well as GPS and GSM modules. Modules interact with a person using voice communication. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 39 million people worldwide are blind and 246 million are visually impaired [1]. People with partial or complete loss of vision face many problems in their daily lives, especially the problem of movement and orientation in the field. A blind person usually uses a traditional stick to improve their mobility. However, the stick cannot provide a person with information beyond his reach. There are smart sticks that use one camera, or several video cameras mounted on the stick to capture images. Captured video images are resized, further processed and converted intoacoustic or vibration signals. In such systems, the frequency of the warning signal correlates with the pixel orientation of the camcorder. There are also systems that use ultrasonic sensors to detect interference. The value of the distance to the obstacle, measured by a sound wave, is transmitted to the microcontroller, which sends a sound signal through the speaker. The disad vantages of such systems are the inability to detect hidden obstacles that are dangerous to the visually impaired, such as stairs, pits, puddles, and so on. The proposed system solves these problems by combining the capabilities of acoustic and optical sensors, as well as a water sensor. Support for a person in a difficult situation is also provided by establishing a telephone connection with a trustee. The GPS location information is received by the GPS module and the microcontroller sends this information via the GSM module to the specified contact number. The system consists of a microcontroller (control of the electronic assistant), a sensor system that receives information about the location of a person and obstacles in its path, an effector system that sends a person acoustic and vibration signals about detected obstacles, as well as a communication system. connects: 1) two ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles located in front at knee height and at head height; 2) infrared sensor to detect stairs and terrain; 3) water sensor to detect puddles. The sensors collect data in real time and send it to the microcontroller for processing. After processing the sensory information, the microcontroller sends vibrations and acoustic signals to the person, respectively, on the vibrators installed in the stick head, and on the Bluetooth headset. The system is powered by a recessed battery (not shown). This article proposes a system that helps a visually impaired person to reach their destination safely. The system uses a variety of sensors to detect interference and warn of interference with an audible signal and vibration. The intensity of the sound signal and vibration increase when a person approaches an obstacle. The GPS module tracks the user's location. In case of a dangerous situation, the GSM / GPRS module establishes a connection between a blind person and a trustee.
Copyright (c) 2026 Андрій Андрійович Пахомов, Роман Петрович Саган (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Deposition of Molybdenum Oxide Thin Films for Flexible Biodegradable Electronics
With its unprecedented properties over conventional rigid platforms, flexible electronics have been a signifi cant research topic in the last decade, offering a broad range of applications from bendable display, flexible solarenergy systems, to soft implantable-devices for health monitoring. Flexible electronics is a disruptive science that requires a high level of multi-disciplinary research, including chemistry, physics, material science, electronic and electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, computing science, biomedical engineering. The deep cross-integrate of it with other key subjects such as artificial intelligence, material science, Internet of things, space science, health science, energy science and data science, breaks through the intrinsic limitations of convention silicon electronics and affords unprecedented opportunities for relative industries involving integrated circuit, new and renewable. One way to reduce the cost of photoconverters is to use transition metal oxide, which is characterized by better solar energy conversion efficiency. MoO3 is one of the promising candidates due to its nontoxicity, deep electronic state and relative lower vaporization temperature, which can easily deposited in vacuum. In contrast, the other transition metal oxides need relative higher evaporation temperature to deposit the film. The conventional and common fabrication methods for MoO3 are thermal evaporation or sputtering under vacuum. This work presents molybdenum oxide films grown on nano cellulose. Molybdenum oxide thin films were grown by reactive ion beam sputtering on UVN-75R equipment. Measure ments of thin film transparency spectra and the effect of bending on the transparency value were measured using a 4802 UV/VIS Double Beam Spectrophotometer. The energy-dispersion X-ray spectrum showed no impurities. The chemical com position of molybdenum oxide thin films was studied on the basis of energy-dispersion analysis, in which the characteristic X-ray radiation of the sample surface under the action of accelerated electron irradiation was recorded. For this purpose, a scanning electron microscope REM 106U in the mode of elemental microanalysis was used. The films show high transparency in the visible spectrum, as well as a low influence of bending on the transparency in the ultraviolet spectrum. Bending of the manufactured samples reduces the amount of transparency. Increasing the deposition temperature of the films has the same effect as bending. Combining the excellent electrical properties of MoOx and the high flexibility and transparency of nanocellulose, an excellent replacement for silicon heterostructures has been demon strated.
Copyright (c) 2026 Анна Сергіївна Гондовська, Роман Ігорович Дідусь, Владислав Анатолійович Лапшуда, Ольга Василівна Ященко (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Construction Features of Devices for Charging Electric Vehicles
The electric vehicle (EV) market is actively developing by leading car manufacturers around the world. The main efforts of developers are aimed at creating an efficient energy storage device - a rechargeable battery, because its parameters largely characterize the EV: power reserve and acceleration, engine power and others. But for the comfortable existence of EV in urban conditions requires a certain infrastructure, which includes charging stations, containing all the necessary equipment to charge the battery. In the results use many different terms and definitions that often describe the same phenomenon. This paper substantiates the need for systematization and analysis of equipment for charging electric vehicles. The methods of charging electric cars are considered in the work, the information on the ways of charging EV is arranged, parallels between different standards are made. Chargers for electric vehicles can be classified as follows: AC charging and DC charging. Both methods of EV charging are regulated by different standards in different countries. The US and Japan use the SAE J1772 standard, it covers both types of charging methods mentioned above. Its European adaptation is IEC 61851. The standard describes the power level of charging stations and types of EV sockets. The charging mode describes the safety communication protocol between the electric vehicle and the charging station. To establish a serial connection between the electric vehicle and the EVSE, there is a function "PILOT", which refers to the protocol IEC 61851, provides the necessary functions related to the communication of EV and EVSE. The connection detection sequence is performed automatically when the EVSE power control cable is physically connected to the EV. Of the many variants of controlled AC chargers, according to the authors, the most promising is the option based on an open project. The advantages are open data on the applied circuit solutions and code, as well as low cost compared to industrial designs, the availability of a user-friendly interface, the ability to create your own mobile application and connect a payment system. The disad vantage of the IEC 61851 protocol is the limited exchange of EVSE data with EV. Because only data on initialization, process and charge stop is transmitted via the exchange channel. The charging station cannot estimate the type of electric car, its characteristics, capacity and battery condition, maximum charging speed, etc. Implementing the above could be useful for creating things like load balancing and the potential for a possible return of electricity to the grid.
Copyright (c) 2026 Олексій Сергійович Яма, Юрій Сергійович Олішевський (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Control the Frequency Response of a Loudspeaker by Changing Its Enclosure
This article analyzes how to control frequency response of a loudspeaker by changing the volume of its closed box enclosure. The calculation is performed by the method of Thiele-Small on the basic of a pre-calculated loudspeaker, the parameters of which are given in third section. This became possible because of the simplification of the circuit on figure 1 to the form of circuit on figure 2. This allowed us to consider it as a second order filter (presence of two reactive elements). Obtained results are compared with corresponding characteristics of open-box enclosure of the same loud speaker, that was pre-calculated by the author too. Results are presented graphically in figure 3 and 4. As can be seen from them, the resonant frequency of the loudspeaker in the closed-box enclosure is higher than the resonant frequency of the loudspeaker in the open box. The result in the form of a ratio fc/fs is listed in table 2. Analyzing the obtained data, it can be noticed that with the change of the internal volume of the closed box (and hence its total quality factor), it is possible to affect both the resonance frequency and the peak amplitude values in these frequencies by changing the FR. The result shown in figure 3 and 4 is achieved by taking into account effect of radiation only on the one side of the driver (in the case of open-box enclosure). Closed box was calculating by taking into account both sides radiation of the driver. Shifting the resonance frequency of the system towards higher frequencies and increasing the sound pressure on the resonance generally worsens the FR of the loudspeaker (reduces the reproduction of low-frequency components of sound and increases the unevenness of the frequency). However, certain variants of this group of frequency characteristics may be useful depending on the reproducible frequency range and need of emphasize the low-frequency components (for example, in rock music). If you need a smoothed low-frequency sound, it is appropriate to use systems with low overall quality and increased internal volume or open-box enclosure. Therefore, the volume of the closed-box enclosure significantly affects the resonant frequency and the shape of the fre quency response of the loudspeaker. Reducing the volume of the enclosure of the loudspeaker leads to a decrease in its frequency range due to low frequencies and at the same time increase in the unevenness of the frequency response. The change in the resonant frequency of the system as the volume of the closed box enclosure decreases, the less the volume of the closed-box.
Copyright (c) 2026 Павло Олегович Рябоконь (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Detection of Noise Signal in the Additive Mixture Based on the Second-Order Cumulant
In order to determine the technical condition of energetic objects with the objective of ensuring their operational reliability, durability and safety, systems of noise diagnostics, which are based on the analysis of acoustic diagnostic signals. A promising area of noise diagnostics are cumulant methods, based on cumulant analysis, which involves the use of cumulants and cumulant coefficients. In known literature no characteristics of detection of a signal within an interference containing additive mixture with the use of a second-order cumulant (variance) can be found. That is why the objective of the paper is to study the use of cumulant method on the basis of point estimations of variance for a sample of momentary values for detection of an acoustic signal against the background of noise interference. The research was carried out by way of modeling the additive mixture of signal and interference using the MATLAB® software package. Interference is a model of a noise acoustic signal, which accompanies the operation of properly functional equipment. Signal is a model of an acoustic signal which is created with the occurrence of a malfunction. Signal and interference are independent random variables, so the property of additivity of cumulants was used – the variance of a mixture equals the sum of variances of signal and interference. The decision about the presence of a signal was made on the basis of testing two statistical hypotheses. The null hypothesis – the signal is absent, variance equals to the variance of the interference. The first hypothesis – the signal is present, variance equals to the variance of the mixture. Additional parameters: probability of a Type I error 0,01, probability of correct determination 0,99. The relative error of estimation determined the minimal sample size. These values allowed for the calculation of the threshold value, upon the exceeding of which by the variance estimation, the decision on the presence of signal is made. For each sample, assessments of variance were made. Experimental probability of correct determination is calculated as a total number of decisions taken regarding the presence of a signal, divided by the number of realizations, and corresponds to the value of the specified probability of correct determination. Its relative error was calculated in order to control the validity of the results. Also, kernel density estimation of the probability of the variance assessment for the case of a signal with normal distribution. As shown by the graphs, the assessments have a distribution that is close to normal. The conducted study proves that a variance -based cumulant method allows to detect a signal against the background of noise interference. The necessary sample size, which shows the number of the necessary momentary values, is given in the paper. That is to say that with the help of the frequency of an analogue digital converter the needed duration of the recording of a real for assessment of its variance can be obtained, and the decision on the presence or absence of a signal is to be made on the basis of the specified threshold values. The results of the study can be added to the known sample sizes and threshold values for the coefficients of asymmetry and excess with different distributions. Application of the described method requires additional testing on real acoustic signals and has the areas of use in systems of noise diagnostics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Антон Єгорович Березницький (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Using GMSL Technology for Transmitting Stream of High-Quality Video Data
The article is devoted to the description and research of technologies for data flow transmission from video cameras designed for use in modern cars. The paper provides a theoretical analysis of the most popular wired and wireless data streaming technologies, such as Gigabit Ethernet and Wi-Fi. Analysis of the most important characteristics showed, that the mentioned technologies are not effective due to their significant shortcomings, which are critical in the production of cars, and will not allow their usage. The main disadvantages of Gigabit Ethernet technology are the lack of guarantees of full delivery of transmitted data. Given that the data obtained can be used for self-driving control systems, the technology cannot be used for transmitting the data stream to the camera, as there will be a possibility of endangering the safety of the passenger and accidents to the vehicle. Disadvantages of Wi-Fi technology include low data rates and lack of reliable protection against electromagnetic interference. Given the advantages and disadvantages of the above technologies, it was decided to abandon the possibility of their usage and consider suitable options. It is shown, that in the considered conditions, the most expedient solution for data transmission from the video camera is GMSL technology, which makes it possible to significantly increase the resistance to electromagnetic interference, the overall transmission rate, and the quality of the transmitted data. The technical features of GMSL technology, in particular SerDes technology, which is one of the main components of the above technology, are considered. For SerDes technology, the process and features of converting a parallel data stream into a serial, data transmission, and inverse data conversion into a parallel form are described. The usage of this technology makes it possible to transmit data over a distance of up to 15 meters (without significant loss of quality). Described is a method of encoding input data in the format 8b/10b. This encoding makes it possible to ensure the stability of data transmission and their overall resistance to electromagnetic interference. This is achieved by noise of the useful carrier signal. Describes the possibility of restoring the clock signal using the CDR block after receiving data on the differential pair, as it does not contain a separate line for this signal. At the same time the problem of current and voltage balance is solved. The methods of controlling the video camera module and SerDes components using I2C and UART interfaces are shown. The peculiarity of the control signals is that they can be directed in different directions due to the duplex transmission channel. The expediency of using GMSL technology in a device that implements data transmission from the camera module is considered. The advantages of using the described technology and their compliance with the established requirements are given. It is proposed to implement the ability to control the mode of operation of the camera from the control device using GMSL technology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Богдан Андрійович Пономаренко (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Algebraic Characteristics of the Matrix Conversions Class and Its Hardware Implementation
This paper derives the algebraic characteristic of the matrix transformations class by the method of isomorphic mappings on the algebraic characteristic of the class of vector transformations using the primitive program algebras. The paper also describes the hardware implementation of the matrix operations accelerator based on the obtained results. The urgency of the work is caused by the fact that today there is a rapid integration of computer technology in all spheres of society and, as a consequence, the amount of data that needs to be processed per unit time is constantly increasing. Many problems involving large amounts of complex computation are solved by methods based on matrix operations. Therefore,the study of matrix calculations and their acceleration is a very important task. In this paper, as a contribution in this direction, we propose a study of the matrix transformations class using signature operations of primitive program algebra such as multi place superposition, branching, cycling, which are refinements of the most common control structures in most high-level programming languages, and also isomorphic mapping. Signature operations of primitive program algebra in combination with basic partial-recursive matrix functions and predicates allow to realize the set of all partial-recursive matrix functions and predicates. Obtained the result on the basis of matrix primitive program algebra. Isomorphism pro vides the reproduction of partially recursive functions and predicates for matrix transformations as a map of partially recursive vector functions and predicates. The completeness of the algebraic system of matrix transformations is ensured due to the available results on the derivation of the algebraic system completeness for vector transformations. A name model of matrix data has been created and optimized for the development of hardware implementation. The hardware implementation provides support for signature operations of primitive software algebra and for isomorphic mapping. Hardware support for the functions of sum, multiplication and transposition of matrices, as well as the predicate of equality of two matrices is implemented. Support for signature operations of primitive software algebra is provided by the design of the control part of the matrix computer based on the RISC architecture. The hardware support of isomorphism is based on counters, they allow to intuitively implement cycling in the functions of isomorphic mappings. Fast execution of vector operations is provided by the principle of computer calculations SIMD.
Copyright (c) 2026 Станіслав В. Кудлай (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of Speech Sounds In the Praat Program
The article identifies the possibility of using the Praat program for comprehensive and complete analysis of speech sounds. It also indicates the range of functions of the software package and the perspective of using the program for comparing sounds. Praat is a program for speech analysis and synthesis written by Paul Boersma and David Veninko at the Department of Phonetics, University of Amsterdam. Praat is a very flexible tool for speech analysis. It offers a wide range of standard and non-standard procedures. The functions of the program that were used in the work: spectrograms, pitch analysis, formant analysis, intensity analysis, jitter, shimmer, voice breaks. There are at least three ways to get sound in the program: sound recording, read sound from the disc, create sound from formulas. In this article, the first method was used and the vowel sounds "a" and "e", as well as consonants "n" and "p" were considered. With the help of automated algorithms, a number of important data were quickly obtained, such as the average value of the formant on the selected interval, the maximum, minimum and average value of pitch, maximum, minimum and average intensity, the overall signal report (jitter, shimmer, voice breaks). Also, this program can create high quality images that can be exported and inserted into scientific articles or personal research. Due to this fact, the images of not only spectrograms and waveforms, but also the images of formants and intensity was presented in the work. Based on the obtained results, the selected sounds were compared. As a result, a conclusion was made about the feasi bility and effectiveness of using the software package Praat in the analysis of speech sounds. It was also noted the ease of use of this software package, as well as the importance of using the program in research in various fields of human activity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Анастасія Володимирівна Паренюк (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of a Nonlinear Overdrive System
The article identifies the possibility of using MATLAB and Reaper programs for the analysis of nonlinear systems such as overdrive, on the example of the sound effect pedal Ibanez tube screamer. The range of functions of the Voxengo software package is indicated and a program is developed to try to repeat the overdrive effect.
Copyright (c) 2026 Даниїл Володимирович Грищук (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The article is devoted to the development of an automated device for plant care at home. The main factors influencing plant development are considered. A comparative analysis of existing devices was made. The growth of plants is influenced by many factors: the level of light, soil moisture, room temperature, carbon dioxide level. When plants are growing indoors, the most important thing is timely watering and access to light. The required amount of light for most plants is 12-18 hours per day. Our country is in the temperate climate zone, so we have 15 hours of light in summer, 13 hours in autumn and spring, and 9 hours in winter. The amount of light in summer is normal, in autumn and spring - within normal limits, but in winter there is a certain lack of light. The lack of natural insolation in winter leads to light starvation of houseplants and reduced intensity of photosynthesis. Therefore, the decrease of the amount of natural light is compensated by artificial light sources. Analysis of the devices on the market has shown that devices that can solve such problems exist, but there is no device with all functions simultaneously. Lighting devices illuminate on a timer, regardless of natural light. Irrigation devices are intended for industrial, not for domestic use. Existing technological solutions for home cultivation have only a warning function: sound or light, which can bring some inconvenience. Looking on these problems, a device is created to maintain the required soil moisture and the required amount of light. The control unit is based on a microcon troller that analyses the data obtained from the sensors and sends the appropriate signals to the climate control devices. The device is equipped with a soil moisture sensor, a light sensor, a real - time sensor, an LED lamp, a water pump, an LED lamp driver, and a control key of water pump. To control soil moisture, a capacitive humidity sensor is used, the advantages of it is the absence of corrosion of metal parts of the sensors that touch the ground. A light meter based on the BH1750 chip is used as a light sensor. This sensor has a wide measuring range, measuring accuracy - 1 lux, small dimensions and the ability to connect to a microcontroller via I2C interface. The DS3231 chip is used as a real-time clock that required to maintain a circadian rhythm close to the natural one for a given plant. An LED strip with red and blue LEDs is used for lighting. The ratio of blue / red LEDs depends on the stage of growth and the type of plant, but it is usually from 1/3 to 1/5. The key that controls the LED strip and the water pump are the MOS transistors. They are silent and allow you to adjust the brightness of the LED strip.
Copyright (c) 2026 Микола Володимирович Мирошніченко (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Signal Attenuation of Data Transmission by Power Lines
Power Line Communication (PLC) technologies are actively developing and becoming more and more in demand all over the world. They are used in the automation of technological processes, the organization of video surveillance systems and even to control a "smart" home. Research in the field of data transmission using the power grid has been going on for a long time. Once upon a time, the use of PLCs was hampered by low data transfer rates and insufficient immunity from interference. The development of microelectronics and the creation of modern, and most importantly, more efficient processors (chipsets) made it possible to use complex modulation methods for signal processing, which made it possible to significantly advance in the implementation of PLC. However, only a few specialists still know about the real possibilities of communication technology over the power grid. The reliability of data transmission is greatly influenced by interference from various electrical appliances, fluorescent lamps, etc., which interfere with the wires. The strongest influence of impulse noise arising from the operation of electric motors, welding equipment and microwave ovens. However, reliable methods of encoding and encrypting data used in modern PLC technologies provide not only a high level of reliability in the transmission of information, but also its protection from unauthorized access. In addition, when organizing communication, electromagnetic compatibility must be ensured, i.e. it is necessary to reduce the spurious electromagnetic radiation arising from the process of data transmission. Today PLC finds wide practical application. Due to the fact that the technology uses the existing power grid, it can be used in the automation of technological processes for linking automation units via electric wires (for example, city electricity meters). The widespread use of low-voltage electrical networks 0.22 ... 0.38 kV, the absence of the need to carry out expensive work on the construction of trenches and punching walls for laying cables stimulate an increased interest in these networks as a data transmission medium. Often, PLCs are used to create video surveillance systems or a local area network in small offices, where the main requirements for the network are ease of implementation, device mobility and easy scalability. At the same time, both the entire office network and its individual segments can be built using PLC adapters. It is often necessary to connect a remote computer or network printer located in another room or even at the other end of the building to an existing office network - using PLC adapters, this problem can be solved in a few minutes. In addition, PLC technology opens up new opportunities for implementing the idea of a "smart" home, in which all consumer electronics must be tied into a single information network with the possibility of centralized control. The article discusses the basic principles of using power lines as a communication channel, and ways to build such net works. Also, it offers to get acquainted with the main problems of this technology and ways to solve them.
Copyright (c) 2026 Микола М. Комаровський (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Use of Radio Frequency Identification Technologies for Preventing the Spread of Coronavirus
This article contains description of methods to prevent the spread of coronavirus using modern technologies. Businesses face significant challenges in complying with social distancing guidelines, and they do not have a real understanding of whether these guidelines are followed in their facilities. Many companies use Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology to ensure the safety of employees by tracking the proximity or location of each. Kinexon's SafeZone and Triax Proximity Trace are effective solutions to prevent the spread of coronavirus within the enterprise. SafeZone is a unique and powerful active RFID technology, the purpose of which is formation of a warning about the convergence and tracking of contacts in case of a positive test result for COVID-19. The solution consists of UWB labels, worn by employees, as well as cloud software to manage the collected data. Contact information allows companies to take steps to create a safe and healthy work environment. The SafeZone solution uses ultra-wideband (UWB) radio frequency tags. UWB uses the frequency bands 3.25 - 4.75 GHz and 6.25 - 6.75 GHz, which do not overlap with the bands of wireless networks (WLAN) and ISM. RTLS (Real-Time Locating Systems) - an automated system that provides identification, accumulation, processing and storage of information about the location and movement of people, objects, mobile machinery and vehicles to monitor technological and business processes, signaling, as well as for retrospective analysis of certain processes and situations. All RTLS systems consist of several main components: tags, readers and software for interpreting data. Use of active UWB tags in these systems allows to achieve high speeds at a distance of up to 10 m, the technology allows you to reach 110 Mbps. UWB module - a desktop device for setting up and accounting for UWB Tag devices. UWB hub - a device capable of performing thousands of scan scans per second at a distance of up to 30 cm. UWB Sensor - a device that detects pulses emitted by UWB tags and provides the exchange of operational information about resources. UWB reader is an access control device that uses the patented technology of short-pulse ultra-wideband (UWB) signals. UWB-tag - a device that can be attached to objects or clothing of personnel to track and track their location at any time in real time with incredible accuracy. Triax Proximity Trace technology provides active feedback, in the form of visual and audible signal, so people understand when they have violated the proper social distance. Due to Triax Proximity Trace it is possible to determine the degree of contact of employ ees with those who received a positive test, for example, according to the CDC classification. Components of the system: labels, gateways that are deployed in strategic places, cloud software and information panel for managing proximity event data. Triax Proximity Trace uses tags that operate at 900 MHz. Due to SafeZone and Triax Proximity Trace solutions the company can have a complete picture of potential patients and send for testing real contacts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Анастасія В. Байдюк (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of Directional Properties of Angular Horn Antenna
In this paper, horn antennas are considered to belong to the class of aperture antennas which usually include a sound wave reflector and an electroacoustic transducer. For the variant of technical implementation of the electroacoustic transducer in the form of a corner antenna, the problem of sound emission by such an antenna is solved. Taking into account the repeated reflection of emitted sound waves from the antenna design elements. The study of the acoustic properties of such an antenna was carried out taking into account a number of assumptions. What material, the thickness of the walls of the mouthpiece is infinitesimal. These conditions are supplemented by the known conditions of radiation at infinity. All the above assumptions make it possible to greatly simplify the solution of the problem of sound radiation by an angular horn antenna. To do this, the Helmholtz equation under boundary conditions was solved by the method of connected fields in multi connected domains, corresponding to the physical model of the antenna. The radiation field of such an antenna is presented in the form of three partial regions, which in turn, according to the method of partial regions - in the form of Fourier series expansions, the coefficients of which are determined by solving differential equations describing piezoceramic transducer oscillations and wave processes. in acoustic environments in contact with it. The solution of the Helmholtz equation is reduced to the solution of an infinite system of linear algebraic equations taking into account the above assumptions, as well as the conditions of field continuity at the boundary of partial domains, we obtain an infinite system of linear algebraic equations. Based on the system, an approximate expression for the normalized radiation pattern is obtained. Studying the features of the directional properties of the angular antenna by direct analysis of the expression is not possible. Therefore, such a study was carried out on the basis of calculated directivity diagrams obtained using a computer for a wide range of wave sizes and geometrical characteristics of the angular antenna. cylindrical electroacoustic transducers. In all calculations, a uniform distribution of the oscillating velocity on the surface of the emitter was chosen Analyzing the obtained data, there is a pronounced dependence of the shape of the pattern on the magnitude of the wave size of the speaker. This is manifested in the fact that the main petal splits into two or even three petals, as well as in increasing the overall sharpness of the pattern.
Copyright (c) 2026 Катерина Андріївна Шишкова (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Natural Speech Signal Recognition Algorithm
Speech recognition technologies are becoming more and more part of our lives, providing a convenient way to control a variety of electronic devices - voice control. One of the current problems that is solved in the development of such control systems is the problem of insufficient accuracy of voice command recognition. Improvements are being made to increase reliability, independence from individual voice characteristics, and reduce the negative impact of background noise on recognition quality. The paper presents an algorithm for recognizing and processing user intentions using a neural network built on the principle of understanding natural language and processing audio signals for use in the user support system
Copyright (c) 2026 Олександр Русланович Осадчук (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Research of Sensor Systems in Temperature Changes
Direction included in the technology of "Internet of Things" to analyze the working of sensor systems in extreme areas, that is the properties and features of embedded control systems based on them, to identify the main problems of operation and features of sensors in smart - systems. The article considers the main types of sensors used in smart systems, the main alignments used in the design and creation of systems based on them, and experimentally evaluates the dependence of the speed of sound on air temperature
Copyright (c) 2026 Алекс А. Мосиса, Чень Сянцай (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Efficient Control of Household Water Heating Devices Based on the Arduino Microprocessor Platform
The article is devoted to developing efficient control of household water heating devices based on the Arduino microprocessor platform and using different ways for this purpose, like analog buttons or wireless technologies
Copyright (c) 2026 Кироло Д. Колтунов (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Internet of Things Technology of Imagine Processing for Smart House
The article considers the image processing, detection of human faces and the transfer of relevant information in MATLAB software. During the rapid global process of industrialization and globalization, elements of smart homes for personal use are becoming popular in production and offices. Life and personal information security is the most important requirement and task of current and future Internet of Things solutions. Therefore, the system of recognizing objects, including people, is relevant and still one that can be qualitatively improved. The processing begins with a state file, which can be replaced by real-time systems, after receiving information from video — is selected in groups of points, which are the corresponding arrays of information. Arrays contains numbers which indicate whether a human face in front of the camera. The data is calibrated to avoid false detection with median distribu tion. As a result of involving graphic additions, the user can observe in real time where and how many faces are in front of the camera. MATLAB was chosen as the programming environment, because the program includes built-in blocks that allow you to easily combine the mathematical and applied part of the proposed solution. As a result of modeling a complex model was obtained that is able to process the image and determine the necessary elements and objects in the image. This model can be used to track changes in position in space, any, object or objects depending on their size or physical characteristics. A feature of the proposed method is the ability to calibrate and optimize the mathematical model depending on the physical parameters of the system and the required information at the output of the system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Валерія Миколаївна Охмак, Артем В. Крилов (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Measurement Data Collection Device Based on ESP32 for Digital Laboratory
The potential use of digital laboratories is constantly growing every year, as such a device allows you to conduct research in such fields as biology, physics, chemistry and other natural sciences. It is proved that the use of modern equipment increases the efficiency of laboratory classes in schools. Today, there are a large number of educational digital laboratories, which find many areas of use, from laboratory work at school to laboratories at universities. However, if you analyze these digital labs, you can see that they do not have a user-friendly interface and settings. The purpose of this work is to review existing solutions, as well as find solutions to create an improved version of digital training laboratories. The main disadvantage of existing solutions is the lack of data transfer via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, as well as connection to a computer or smartphone, which could significantly improve the process of working with such a device. One of the solutions to this problem is the creation of digital training laboratories based on the ESP-32 microcontroller. After analyzing the existing digital laboratories, we can conclude that this area needs improvement, as existing technologies allow to create much better devices in terms of ease of use and opportunities for educational purposes. Bluetooth and Wi-Fi are the main elements, the addition of which will significantly improve digital laboratories. One such solution is the ESP-32 microcontroller, as it includes these modules, and its technical characteristics allow you to create a device that will collect data simultaneously from many connected sensors. The creation of a digital laboratory with such characteristics will significantly improve the process of laboratory work in schools and universities, as well as allow more organized distance learning online, which will have a positive impact on the educational process in schools and universities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Іван А. Хижняк (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Musical Information Visualization System
The visualisation systems are spread widely as personal computer’s software. The system, that are processing audio data are presented in this article. The system visualizes the ratio of spectrum amplitudes and has fixed frequency binding to colours. The technology of audio signals processing by the device and components of the device were considered. For the increasing information processing speed was used 32bit controller and graphic equalizer with seven passbands. Music visualization it is function, that are spread widely in mediaplayer’s software, on a different operation systems. This function shows animated images that are depends on music signal. Images are usually reproduced in the real time mode and synchronized with a played audio-track. Music and visualization are merges in the different kind of art: opera, ballett, music drama or movies. Dependencies of auditory and visual sensations are used for increasing the emotional perseption for ordinary listeners . In the systems, that are currently being actively promoted, are used several tools for personal computers, such as: After Effects – The Audio Spectrum Effect, VSDC Video Editor Free – Audio Spectrum Visualizer, Magic Music Visuals. The software, that are mentioned above, has a one disadvantage: the using of streaming video is not possible with the simultaneous receipt of audio and requires processing and rendering of the resulting video series. The purpose of the work is to determine the features of spectral analysis of music information and taking into account real-time data processing. Propose a variant of the music information visualization system, which displays the spectral composition of music and the amplitude of individual harmonics, and filling the LED-matrix with the appropriate color depending on the amplitude of the audio signal, with the possibility of wireless signal transmission from the music source to the visual effects device. The technology of frequency analysis of the spectrum with estimation of amplitude of spectrum’s components of the musical data, that is arriving on the device is chosen for this project. The method is based on the analysis of the spectrum in the selected frequency bands, which in turn simplifies the function of finding maxima at different frequencies. The proposed variant of the musical information visualization system provides display on the LED-matrix of colors that correspond to the frequencies spectrum’s components in the musical composition. Moreover, the number of involved LEDs is proportional to the ratio of the amplitudes of the signal’s frequency components. The desired result is achieved by using a Fast Fourier Transform and selecting Khan or Heming windows for providing a better analysis results of the signal spectrum. The amplitudes of the individual components of the spectrum are estimated additionally and each frequency band has its own color. The work of the system is to analyze the components of the spectrum and frequency of musical information. This information affects the display of colors on the LED matrix. The using of a 32-bit microcontroller provides sufficient speed of audio signal processing with minimal delays. For the increasing the accuracy and speed up the frequency analysis, the sound range is divided into seven bands. For this purpose was used seven-band graphic equalizer MSGEQ7. Music information is transmitted to the system via Bluetooth, which greatly simplifies the selection and connection of the music data source.
Copyright (c) 2026 Роман О. Ярошенко (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Technical Vision System for in-Room Access Control
Abstract—Access systems with face recognition is widely used today. They are used in many enterprises and institutes where it is necessary to control the flow of passing people.Facially recognizable technical vision systems are important because they can be used to store specific individuals faces and use them for access control. As a result of analysis of same modern systems the variant of system there are additional functions is offered. The system consists of ESP-EYE module, with build-in wi-fi and Bluetooth modules, chip sensor camera “ OV2640” and LED display, which dasplays a notification for a person about granting or denying access, notifications are in two collors: geen and red respectively.. Also it has an emergency power supply in case of unforeseen situations. Wi-fi is used as a means of transmiting data from camera to the server. This transmition method of data transmition has several advantages over Bluetooth. It allows to the system to transfer data at a much higher speed and over a grater distance, it is also more secure, provides access to the internet and allows to control the system remotely. All the listed advantages of this method of transmition give us a great variability in the operation and placement of the system.To recognize people system use a comparison method. It compares the person’s face with a database and, after processing it produces the result. To optimize and speed up this process, the system uses a method of image compression based on discrete wavelet transform. This method is the transmission of a signal through several filtres, usualy two. First, the signal is passed through a low-pass filter whis a pulse response g, resulting in an output signal in the form of a convolutional sum. At the same time the signal is decomposed by a high pass filter. The LPF gives an approximate shape of the output signal, and the HPF – the signal of difference or additional detail.Discrete wavelet transform in an oriented basis makes it possible to construct transformation matrices with a given number of filters ”m”, where “m” is in the general case a prime positive number. The simplest way to compare the two images is by substracting the brightness values of the two matrices and estimating the resulting matrix of differences using standard deviation. The use of standard deviation in combination with fiberboard in OB allows to speed up the process of face recognition in the system by discarding unncessary details, the absence of which minimaly harms the accuracy of the results.The advantages of this system are that it is less expensive, in compareson with existing analogs, less energy-consuming, easy to assemble and install, uses a relatively simple and at the same time quite accurate method of identidying a persons identity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Артем Ігорович Фіронов, Віталій Вікторович Левченко (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0